What can happen if an aircraft's weight and balance limit is exceeded?

Exceeding an aircraft's weight and balance limits can lead to a significant reduction in control effectiveness and an increased risk of stalling. This is because the aircraft's design parameters, including its center of gravity (CG) range, are established to ensure optimal aerodynamic performance and stability. When the weight exceeds the prescribed limits, or the CG is outside its acceptable range, the aircraft can become more difficult to control.

For instance, a forward CG can lead to a nose-heavy condition that may require more elevator input for pitch control, while an aft CG can cause reduced stability and make the aircraft prone to stalling at higher airspeeds. Additionally, when the aircraft is overloaded, it may not perform as expected during critical phases of flight, such as takeoff and landing, where precise control is essential.

Understanding these consequences highlights the importance of adhering to weight and balance guidelines to maintain safety and predictable handling characteristics during flight.