What does "weight and balance" refer to in aviation?

"Weight and balance" in aviation refers to the process of determining the distribution of weight in an aircraft. This is crucial for maintaining safety and performance during flight. The proper distribution of weight affects the aircraft's center of gravity, which in turn influences stability, control, and handling characteristics.

Calculating weight and balance helps ensure that the aircraft is loaded within the manufacturer's specifications for weight limits and that the center of gravity remains within acceptable limits. If the weight is not properly balanced, it can lead to issues such as reduced stability, difficulty in controlling the aircraft, or even the inability to take off or land safely.

Other aspects mentioned in the choices focus on different concepts. While the total weight including all passengers is a part of weight and balance, it does not encompass the entire scope of the process, which centers on how that weight is distributed. Fuel efficiency calculations and the weight of the aircraft without cargo do not address the critical element of weight distribution central to safe flight operations.